This seminar introduces students to two fundamental concepts of political science: democracy and authoritarianism. The seminar discusses these two concepts through the historical-institutional perspective developed by Douglass North and other scholars. Therefore, the seminar will tackle the historical roots of authoritarianism as the “natural state” or the natural political order and how what we understand as the western democratic state slowly (and painfully) developed over the last centuries. Students will learn to think critically about transitions to democracy by reviewing the historicity of the West’s transition to democratic states and by discussing the concepts of democratic backsliding and competitive authoritarianism.