In the three centuries between Columbus and the Industrial Revolution, economy and society in Europe changed fundamentally. The introduction of new products, such as potatoes, tobacco, coffee or maize, affected society as the import of silver increased international trade. The commercial expansion contributed to an accumulation of wealth, growth of the middle classes and a rise of entrepreneurship that fostered the Industrial Revolution. This upper division lecture course provides a survey of how the various European countries were affected and how the changes stimulated population movements, technological change, commercial and industrial organization.